Peace And Stability In Afghanistan Politics Essay

Peace And Stability In afghanistan governance Essay even out after almost eight years of international conjunctions efforts in Afghanistan the derangement and convulsion has increased rather than abated. Not hardly has Afghanistan seen ever increasing takes of violence and loss of life the computer virus of instability and culture of violence has also spread across the Durand line with hardly both funds line on the horizon. A deadly insurgency, higher opium production, increasing civilian casualties, rampant corruption, an unstable vicinity and an uncertain insurance policy-making future re important the defining features of the complex and combustible posture that obtains in Afghanistan. a great deal of the initial euphoria generated after the f every of Taliban in 2001 has dissipated and those advances made in the fields of training and womens rights experience been overshadowed. The prospects for preventing Afghanistan from existence sucked into this whirlpool of chaos appear bleaker than ever.12. Americas Af-Pak policy which was announced in end of serve 2009, studys to be scrutinised to gauge its progress and success or otherwise. The main pillars of this strategy were based on not only in increase of force levels however also on increase of the resources addicted to economic development and coordination among international donors building Afghan governing structures primarily at local level reforming the Afghan government activity expanding and reforming the Afghan bail forces and trying to reform Pakistans efforts to curb militant activity on its soil. The strategy also included negotiations with Taliban figures that were willing to enter the governmental process. After the prexyial election thither is a need to again review the security, governance and development and aid structures and deli rattling mechanisms.3. Major ingredient encroachmenting the situation in Afghanistan is the continued resurgence of Taliban due to a ho st of contextual factors. The Taliban is estimated to bedevil a permanent presence in 72 per cent of Afghanistan its hold cosmos strang not only in its bastions of the S protrudeh exactly also in the East, where it literally runs a parallel government. Moreover the insurgency is ranch in a manner in which it has begun to ring the capital metropolis of Kabul, with three of the four main roads leading to Kabul being rendered ensafe for Afghan or International travel. Successes against the Taliban, whether military or of lovable hearts and attends impart been limited as the Taliban appear to be striking at will with lethal forcw and is increasingly successful in the propaganda war.4. Governance is another bea where the noramal populace has been disillusi wizardd with current dispensation. autochthonous corruption plaguing much of the government machinery, e peculiar(prenominal)ly the jurisprudence and judiciary, both of which effect the evreryday life of the common man, has undermined credibleness of the elected government and helped build up a degree of local support which stems more(prenominal) egress of the Talibans ability to fill in the governance vacuum as opposed to ideological support for their cause.5. developmental aid has been bestowed to Afganisthan in vast quantities but it is not visible on the ground. Fruits of this aid devote thus far to be tasted by the common deal. Bonn process was followed by London Compact and there is an Afghan issue Development Strategy (ANDS) for 15 years ahead but the timelines and benchmarks outlined in the same have not been adhered to. And the economic aid promised to realize the ANDS has also not been delivered whereas there is a massive spend by the NATO and Coalition forces to the tune of about US $20 billion a month.6. How can, therefore, the international friendship improve on the delivery mechanisms and implementation measures? This remains angiotensin converting enzyme of the key questions in the current paradox of security and development complicated further by weak governance. Surge indevelopment and aid funds and military unit planned as part of the Af-Pak strategy may help but some of the contextual spunk issues would yet need to be addressed before a positive outcome could be expected.7. spirit at a wider perspective, how do the regional stake holders view the Afghan imbroglio? How can their variable perceptions be reconciled for the cause of common nifty?8. Further, the presence of safe havens in Pakistans lawless boundary regions have p targeted a seminal agency in sustaining the insurgency in Afghanistan and fuelling instability in Pakistan, thus making it im assertable to visualize a solution to the Afghan quagmire in isolation.9. condition the above keisterground what could be alternative future scenarios in Afghanistan say in next 4 to 5 years time and 8 to 10 years time keeping in mind the trends and drivers and possible triggers? Based on the eme rging scenarios what should be the international communitys policy and strategy choices to ensure a favourable outcome? A broad range of critical issues affecting the Afghan envbranding ironment need to be examined before a determination as to how to proceed further can be made.10. Broadly, therefore, the seminar on peace and stability in Afghanistan and the focusing ahead is built around four themes of security, governance and tryout of apparent future scenarios and offering recommendations for policy and strategy choices which can be made now so as to move towards a better and brighter future for Afghanistan and in effect for rest of the international community. methodologyStatement of Problem11. To analyze the effects of likely political instability in Afghanistan post masturbation of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and its implications for India and policies that India needs to adopt to deal with this problem.Justification of Study12. unite States is increas ing get impatient in the affairs of Afghanistan wherein its policies are not delivering the desired results. It is likely to squeeze its foot prints in that country and has accordingly set a deadline for withdrawal of ISAF.13. The extend of US in Afghanistan is to defeat Al al-Qaeda and deny them the bases in that country, so as to improve its own motherland security. As per US, achievement of this goal is not dependent on creating an environment of political reconciliation in Afghanistan, which is difficult and time consuming. Rather its goal can be achieved by entering into an agreement with one entity Taliban, who may agree to keep Al Qaeda out in exchange of returning back to power.Hypothesis14. The return of Taliban or any civil war post de-induction of ISAF would hurt India dearly. India would prefer a sovereign, democratic secular Afghanistan which is not under the work on of powers inimical to our interests.15. in that respectfore, India must ensure that the world co mmunity does not abandon Afghanistan at this crucial juncture and continue to provide for its political reconciliation and rehabilitation. In this regard, deployment of UN sponsored security forces with a much larger agenda than the ISAF is looked into, so as to forget the country to plough strong both politically and economically.Methods of Data Collection16. The study is primarily based on cultivation gathered from books written by prominent Indian, foreign authors as well as information unattached on the internet. There has also been an attempt by me to analyse the events as they have unfolded and suggest possible options and own responses. Other sources of information are articles written in Indian, Pakistani, Western briskspapers and unexampleds services such(prenominal) as the CNN and BBC as well as some defence journals. A bibliography of the sources is appended at the end of the text. Afghanistan being a very current topic has undergone a series of ups and downs during the course of my preparation of the dissertation. The Bonn Agreement is very relevant in todays context and is also attached as an appendix.Scope17. The study will be covered under the following heads-Chapter I IntroductionChapter II Geo strategic importance of Afghanistan to IndiaStrategic mending of AfghanistanKey to dexterity SecurityPakistans desire of achieving strategic depth by having command over Afghanistans lawChapter III Brief history of Afghanistan post 9/11Defeat of Taliban and set up of new authoritiesRole of Pakistan in combating terrorismChapter IV Present imbroglio in Afghanistan.Failure of US policies in AfghanistanGrowing frustration amongst US and NATO forcesPoor governance by Karzai and growth of TalibanChapter V promising Future Scenarios and Implications for IndiaWithdrawal of US forces and re emergence of TalibanDepletion of US stride and renewed violencePakistan getting foothold in Afghanistan and involvement of Al Qaida in KashmirIndian involvemen t reduced with a ill government in AfghanistanChapter VII Options Available To IndiaMake efforts to ensure continuous presence of International security force in AfghanistanInvolving UN in peace establishment in AfghanistanContinuing support to government in Afghanistan by undertaking rebuilding projectsChapter VIII Conclusion.CHAPTER IIBRIEF HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN POST 9/11OP Enduring FreedomOn September 20, 2001, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, US chairperson George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban government of Afghanistan to turn over Osama bin Laden and floor leaders operating in the country or face attack. The Taliban demanded proof of Bin Ladens link to the September 11 attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such a trial in an Islamic Court. The US refused to provide any evidence. Subsequently, in October 2001, US forces along with UK and coalition allies invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On October 7, 2001, the official invasion began with British and US forces conducting air strike campaigns. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, cancel by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of Eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, the US and her allies fought within that region. Its believed that Osama bin-Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.In March 2002, the United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces launched Operation Anaconda in the hopes that theyll destroy any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of Afghanistan. The Taliban suffered heavy casualties and evacuated the region. The Taliban regrouped in Western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against the United States and her allies in late 2002.Formation of Civialian GovernmentAfter Operation Enduring Freedom, Mujahideen loyal to the Northern confederation and many other groups muste red support for a new government in Afghanistan. In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures for Afghanistan. Under the Bonn Agreement, an interim transitional Administration was formed and Hamid Karzai was named the Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. On 13 June 2002, the Loya Jirga, appointed Karzai as the temporary President of the Afghan Transitional Administration.28 The former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential in the new dispensation.Hamid Karzai won the 2004 presidential election, and became President of the Islamic Re commonplace of Afghanistan. He defeated 22 opponents and become the basic democratically elected leader of Afghanistan. Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without any significant incident in spite of a surge of insurgent activity.6. After Karzai was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of Kabul wa s said to be so limited that he was often derided as the Mayor of Kabul. The situation was particularly delicate since Karzai and his administration had not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around the capital city of Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, were historically under the influence of various local leaders. Karzai started making attempts to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising.CHAPTER IIIBEGINNING OF CHAOSAmericas MiscalculationPresident Bush, speech production at the Virginia Military Institute in the spring of 2002, proposed a Marshall Plan for Afghanistan and its neighbours that added up to state-building on a regional scale. plainly the post 9-11 Pentagon long stuck with a narrow, or sharp localize on wiping out Al Qaeda and the Taliban, with a corresponding under-focus on long- term development. Other agencies of the US Government struggled to advance their programs with little coordination either with the Pentagon or with one other, and with much micro-managing by e-mail from offices in Washington. But even had the Pentagon gotten it right or the other agencies been better coordinated, the program would still not have worked, for US policy (and UN policy as well) suffered from a birth defect. When the US finally toppled the Taliban, Tajiks from the Northern Alliance took control of Kabul. In a winner-take-all move, they immediately packed the government with their own supporters and relatives, to the exclusion both of Pashtuns, the largest group in the population, and minority Shia Hazaras. Eager to sidestep all dissension, the UNs Bonn meetings in December, 2001, ratified this dangerous status quo, while the mite Loya Jirga, held in June, 2002, then ratified the Bonn conferencesmistakes. While U.S. officials talked bravely of working the situation, Nort hern Alliance leaders in Kabul effectively consolidated their hold on power. Marshall Fahim, confirmed in Bonn as Afghanistans minister of religion of Defense, kept his own militia lodged in the capital and cut personal deals with like-minded warlords elsewhere, greatly complicating the project of building a national army. Worse, he and his family seized control of key markets and other assets to create their own income stream, free-lance of Karzai and the Americans. Many Pashtuns, as they watched this unfold and noted their fellow-Pashtun Karzais inability to counteract it, went into a sullen opposition. A a couple of(prenominal) resorted to armed opposition. Since most Taliban leaders had been Pashtun, this gave the appearance of a Taliban revival. In fact, it was worse, a new movement of Pashtuns and other groups aggrieved over having been excluded from the post-Taliban order. Because the US backed Karzai, they blamed their own marginalization on America. This bitter mood gav e set up to a new opposition and new insecurity. Charged with rooting out remnants of Al Qaeda and the Taliban, the US worked with whatever forces were at hand, including warlords, postponing to a later phase the achievement of balance within the Kabul government and the consolidation of state institutions.Light Footprint.Afghanistan was the least resourced of any American led nation building operation. There are 1.5 international soldiers for every 1000 persons in Afghanistan compared to 20.5 per 1000 in Kosovo, 19 in Bosnia, 10 in Sierra Leone and nearly 4 in Haiti. Post conflict stabilization operations consider more military and longer time than to win the initial fight. In fighting, firepower and technology enable smaller, more agile forces to prevail. But in post conflict stabilization and reconstruction, there is a need for more ground troops, money and time. Low levels of investment in military power and economic assistance in post conflict reconstruction lead to a low le vel of security, ineffective governance and unforesightful economic growth.From the outset, two contradictory concepts drove international intervention in Afghanistan. The country was described as the major front of a global war on terror, yet the intervention was light footprint engagement. This light footprint continued to impair every aspect of reconstruction of Afghanistan .Taliban was removed from power, but uncomplete their potential to return nor their external support was addressed. The focus on accomplishing short term security goals undermined the efforts at establishing positive long term trends.Mis governanceThe general opinion in Afghanistan is that the insurgency is rising because the people have lost faith in government. The security forces have failed to protect local villages and the institutions struggle to deliver basic services. The patience of people with government is breaking down and it in turn is favouring the return of Taliban.The Afghanistani governmen t had difficulty providing essential services to the population, curiously in bucolic areas of the country. As per a domain Bank report, the main beneficiary of assistance was the urban elite. This triggered deep seated frustration and resentment among rural population. The government suffered a number of systematic problems and had difficulty attracting and retaining skilled professionals with management and administrative experience. Due to overleap of investment and poor maintenance only 6% of the population received electricity. Most efforts were to supply electricity to the urban areas and not to the rural areas which were falling to Taliban.The Afghan government faced challenges providing security outside of the capital. A major reason was the poor state of the Afghan national police. The result was weak security frame-up that could not establish monopoly of the legitimate use of force within the country. The police was not an international anteriority after the overthro w of the Taliban regime and they received significantly less money and attention than the army. The Afghan police was needed to help establish order in urban and rural areas, but they were firmly out gunned by the insurgent. The police force was plagued with corruption and lacked semblance of a national police force.Pakistani symmetryPakistan has played a very strong role in Afghanistan in the operate three decades, unfortunately, it has been a very negative role. With the fall of Taliban in Afghanistan, Pakistan lost its political clout in that country but it retained its links with the Taliban and actively assisted insurgency in Afghanistan It was only due to intense pressing from America that Pakistan reluctantly agreed to stop aid to Taliban. However, as it became die later that Pakistan was not perpetrate to end terror.Pakistan decided to hold talks with the militant leaders in Swat and offered to stop all military actions against them. This further fuelled insurgency in Afghanistan and increased attacks on US and NATO forces.Revival of TalibanAlmost basketball team years after the defeat of Taliban regime, there was a resurgence of Taliban in 2006. Their return could be divided into three stages through which the group gradually gained momentum especially at the last stage that started in 2006.The first stage, from 2002 to 2003, had a relatively tangible lull. However, there were some small bombings from time to time. In 2003, the Mullah Mohamed Omar launched a new Jihad council comprising of ten military leaders of Taliban. The group could achieve this essential military restructuring cashing in on the US shift of focus towards Iraq.The minute of arc stage, from 2004 to 2005, witnessed a number of remarkable activities and developments in evasive action of fighting, types of weapons, and the groups deployment in several areas.The Taliban started to carry out some military operations in daylight and managed to in full control some remote areas of south Afghanistan.The third stage, from 2006 to 2007, marked the overw guideing return of the Taliban. The year 2006 was the bloodiest one since the fall of the Taliban, as more than 4, 000 were killed, including one third of civilians. The British-American council for media security reported in a compare between the years 2005 and 2006 that there was an increase in the attacks on the NATO forces from 900 in 2005 to 2500 attacks in 2006. One of the major achievements of the Taliban in this period of time was that they managed to run peoples affairs in some southern areas establishing a good network and friendly relationships with the residents of the south.Taliban Strategy. Analysts pointed out that Taliban had established a two pronged strategy in Afghanistan. outset to re establish its authority over the southern provinces around its former headquarters in Kandahar and second to destabilize a ring of provinces around Kabul.CHAPTER IVUS EXIT POLICY AND LIKELY future(a) SECUR ITY SCENARIOSAf-Pak PolicyOn 23 January,2009, American President Mr Obama announced his Af-Pak policy wherein he hard-pressed that his administration was committed in refocusing attention and resources on Afghanistan. The salient features of his policy wereAppointment of special envoy Mr Richard Holbrooke to Pakistan and Afghanistan to help lead US effort to forge and implement strategic and sustainable flack to the region.Pakistan told to destroy the safe heavens for Al-Qaeda and Taliban in the tribal areas bordering Afghanistan.Deployment of 17,000 additional troops in Afghanistan to improve security situation.The American President had laid out a very bold and responsible policy to counter the resurgent Taliban insurgency in Af-Pak region. However, within a short span of one and half(prenominal) years the American policy has undergone a complete change with President himself laying down the withdrawal plan of ISAF( International Security Assistance Force) and the Secretary of State , Mrs Hillary Clinton stressing the need to reintegrate the insurgents in the political mainstream of Afghanistan. This dramatic turnabout of American plans regards Afghanistan is due to various factors,American Losses. The American or the NATO losses have been increasing and with every passing year the Taliban is becoming stronger and stronger. pull down though more and more troops have been deployed and more money pumped in but still the attacks on the ISAF are only increasing. The Taliban tactics have now graduated to frontal attacks on US outposts.US Goals in Afghanistan.There is a profound confusion in America regarding what US goals in Afghanistan ought to be and what the means for resolving those goals should be? The debate is on whether US should focus narrowly on issues of counter terrorism or should they focus on counter terrorism and counter insurgency. It is also being debated whether US should really be assiduous in business of state building or can workaround b y negotiating with adversaries, the Taliban. These debates in domestic governance are turning against an extended and continuing commitment to Afghanistan.Crisis of Resolution The allies are tired of the Afghan commitment, because they do not understand how the struggle that is going on, in this far away land has an impact on their own security. The urgency that the world felt on 12 September 2001 has weakened with the act of time. Afghanistan seems too hard, too complex, and too difficult and as the legend goes would continue to be the graveyard of empires. If this is trustworthy than why should we and the international community continue to make commitments to a war that by some iron laws of history is ultimately destined to end up in defeat?(d) Crisis of Resources. America is investing heavily in Afghanistan. There is no gainsaying the fact that the commitments to Afghanistan and Pakistan are costly to the US. In 2010, America has committed $65 billion to Afghanistan. If we ta ke into account the aid to Pakistan, the total comes to $85 billion, these are not small commitments. If the lives of troops, wastage of equipment and weary and tear on forces that have been engaged in this theatre are taken into consideration especially at a time when America is in economic crisis itself and the entire world community is seek with the global crisis, the cost is phenomenal. Many NATO countries are focused on these costs and argue that a way must be found for a quick exit from Afghanistan. This has made the job of US President more difficult.Choices for AmericaThe International community and especially America faces two choices for Afghanistan. The first is to invest and blend in Afghanistan and the second is to improve conditions, in order to exit. These are the two strategic choices that US has to hypothesise as it talks about the way ahead, as each strategy has a different consequence. redact and Endure. If US have to carry out this option, then they have to b uild consensus domestically and internationally on the enduring importance of Afghanistan. All members of international coalition have to commit to the resources required i.e. military, economic and diplomatical institution. This option of invest and endure cannot simply be a military campaign. It has to be an effort to re-constitute societies bychanging the counter-insurgency strategy and focusing more on protecting population and minimising collateral damage.Improve and Exit. In parapraxis America and other NATO countries decide to improve the conditions in order to exit they will have to adopt a different strategy. The ideological adversaries will not have to be defeated but only kept at bay for sometime inorder to improve conditions. The investments in the institutions, social welfare and state would be minimum.Americans have started to realize that military solution is far difficult to achieve as compared to a political solution. They have started saying for quite some time t hat they want re-conciliation and talks with Taliban if they can lay down their arms. There have been covert contacts with certain Taliban elements, however, it has not produce any results till now. Even President Karzai has realized the precarious state of ISAF and have himself started wooing the Taliban so that his government can last even after the International forces withdraw..So without clear success how long will American go on? NATO and Afghanistan have recently agreed to fix 2014 as the deadline for troops withdrawal from Afghanistan in a phased manner. They have also clarified that troops can stay in support role even beyond 2014. However, mounting coalition deaths, growing domestic pressure in NATOcountries and the increasing differences between Karzai and the west may change the situation. Also, any major military debacle like, a US post being overflow by Taliban or anair crash with significant casualties may immediately catalyze opposition to war. Even the 2012 Presid ential elections may require early troop withdrawal in the there is no clear sign of success.Likely Future ScenariosThe debate on likely security scenarios emerging in the region post withdrawal of ISAF is gaining momentum in India.Many analysts have generated three plausible scenarios which are likely to emerge post withdrawal of ISAF from Afghanistan.(a) Scenario 1 US withdrawal or draw down of forces consequence of the TalibanIt is pointed out that in case of a complete US withdrawal, the probability of return of Taliban is not farfetched, thereby condemning Afghanistan to what US analysts describe as the worst case scenario. This would also lead to an emboldening of the Al Qaeda, instability spreading to Pakistan and of import Asia, thus reducing the region to become a base for Al Qaeda operations.(b) Scenario 2- US limited engagement-proxy war The most probable scenario beyond 2014 is the reduced US presence in Afghanistan with troops limited to protecting key cities, a shif t from overstretched counterinsurgency operations to internal defence. This would allow Pakistan to continue its hedging strategy whereby it will continue supporting the Afghan Taliban to destabilise Afghanistan with the eventual goal of reinstating a pliant regime.Scenario 3- US long term commitments -Building on Afghan state. According to the analysts, this is the best case scenario for Afghanistan, though such a state of affairs is highly unlikely given the reduced public support for the Afghan war in the United States. This would call for additional resources including troops to train and collaborationist with Afghan forces and continuation of the institution building programmes. In this scenario, India could play a long term role in the training of the Afghan national institutions, institutional building political, and security and justice sector reforms.CHAPTER VGEO STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF AFGHANISTANWhen Allah had made the rest of the world, He saw there was a lot of scrap left over, bits and pieces and things that did not fit anywhere else. He collected them all together and threw them down on the earth. That was Afghanistan.An old Afghan SayingGeographical LocationAfghanistan is a land locked country with Iran to its west, Pakistan to its south and east, mainland China to its north east and the newly independent states of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to its north. Afghanistan covers an area of 245, 000 square miles and is surrounded by two thermonuclear states, China and Pakistan, a threshold nuclear state, Iran and having three other nuclear powers in its near vicinity, India, Kazakhstan and Russia. This places Afghanistan in a difficult situation with its neighbours as well other regional and non regional powers vying to get a foothold in the country to spread their influence in the region and the subcontinent. It is also the land tie between South Asia and Central Asia and possibly to Iran as well.Safe Sanctuary for Islamic Fundament alismApart from being the land bridge to central Asia, Afghanistan has been a home to the fundamentalist of various hues and colours ranging from the Jihadis from Kashmir to the Uighur separatists. Afghanistan certainly provided a suitable launch pad for such activities in Central Asia, more so when the Taliban was at the helm of affairs. Taliban played host to Al Qaida and its leader Osama Bin Laden The strengthening of links between militant organisations like IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan), Al Qaida, the Chechen rebels, Uighur separatists and the Taliban, further compounded the security situation in the region.Energy Resources in AfghanistanIn terms of natural resources, Soviets had estimated Afghanistans turn up and probable gas reserves at up to five trillion cubic feet. However, the production has been affected by years of war, and new reserves are yet to be located due to lack of any full exploration having been carried out for the last 30 yrs or so due to the prevai ling situation. The northern areas adjoining Central Asia have proven reserves of natural gas estimated at 100 billion cubic meters, the Jar Quduk oil and gas complex being a case in point. Afghanistan also has an estimated coal reserve of up to four hundred million tons located between Herat and Badakhshan. However, due to the situation in Afghanistan, the production has remained low and unless serious efforts are made in the near future, Afghanistan will continue to play its historical role of help more as a transit route for others than as an exporter of its own resources.Oil and Gas Pipelines.The Central Asian republics hold the key to large resources of energy i.e oil and gas. The landlocked nature of these states imposes inherent constraints in unravell