Focusing in Composition Definition and Examples

In composition, public speaking, and the writing process, focusing refers to the various strategies involved in narrowing a topic, identifying a purpose, defining an audience, choosing a method of organization, and applying revision techniques. Tom Waldrep describes focusing as the moment of tunnel vision... Focusing is the mood or mode of fierce concentration that funnels thought from its diffuse matrix into fully discursive form (Writers on Writing, 1985). Etymology: from the Latin, hearth. Observations One very important aspect of motivation is the willingness to stop and to look at things that no one else has bothered to look at. This simple process of focusing on things that are normally taken for granted is a powerful source of creativity. (Edward de Bono, Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step by Step. Harper Row, 1970) We think of focus as a visual effect, a lens we look through to see the world more clearly. But I have come to see it as a knife, a blade I can use to slice the fat out of a story, leaving behind only the strength of muscle and bone... If you think of focus as a sharp knife, you can test every detail in a story, and when you find something that does not fit (no matter how interesting), you can take your blade and cut it, neatly, quickly, no bleeding or suffering involved. (Roy Peter Clark, Help! for Writers: 210 Solutions to the Problems Every Writer Faces. Little, Brown and Company, 2011) Narrowing a Topic for an Essay, Speech, or Research Paper As you explore possible topics, avoid ones that are too large, too obscure, too emotional, or too complicated for you to work within the allotted time. . . . Although a number of techniques exist for narrowing your topic once you have a general idea of what you want to write about, most approaches encourage you to mess around with the ideas to begin to make them your own (McKowen, 1996). Do some freewriting. Write without stopping for a while just to get some thoughts on paper. Or try brainstorming, in which you write down all of the concepts or ideas that occur to you on the topic. Talk to a friend to stir up ideas. Or try asking these questions about the topic: who, what, when, where, why, and how? Finally, do some reading on the topic to start the focusing process. (John W. Santrock and Jane S. Halonen, Connections to College Success. Thomson Wadsworth, 2007) One way to narrow down your topic is to break it down into categories. Write your general topic at the top of a list, with each successive word a more specific or concrete topic. . . . [For example, you] might begin with the very general topic of cars and trucks and then narrow the topic down a step at a time until you focus on one particular model (the Chevy Tahoe hybrid) and decide to persuade your listeners about the advantages of owning a hybrid vehicle with all of the SUV amenities. (Dan OHair and Mary Wiemann, Real Communication: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2012) The most common criticism of a research paper is that its topic is too broad...Concept maps [or clustering]...can be used to visually narrow a topic. Write your general subject on a blank sheet of paper and circle it. Next, write down subtopics of your general subject, circle each, and connect them with lines to the general subject. Then write and circle subtopics of your subtopics. At this point, you may have a suitably narrow subject. If not, keep adding levels of subtopics until you arrive at one. (Walter Pauk and Ross J. Q. Owens, How to Study in College, 10th ed. Wadsworth, 2011) Donald Murray on Ways of Achieving Focus Writers have to find a focus, a possible meaning in all the mess that will allow them to explore the subject in a relatively orderly fashion so they can continue through the writing process to find out if they have anything worth saying--and worth a readers hearing... I interview myself, asking questions similar to the ones I asked to find the subject: - What information have I discovered that surprised me the most?- What will surprise my reader?- What one thing does my reader need to know?- What one thing have I learned that I didnt expect to learn?- What can I say in one sentence that tells me the meaning of what I have explored?- What one thing--person, place, event, detail, fact, quotation--have I found that contains the essential meaning of the subject?- What is the pattern of meaning I have discovered?- What cant be left out of what I have to write about?- What one thing do I need to know more about? There are a number of techniques to focus on a subject. The writer, of course, only uses the techniques that are necessary to achieve a focus. (Donald N. Murray, Read to Write: A Writing Process Reader, 2nd ed. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1990) Focusing Strategies of ESL Writers [L]ess experienced L1 and L2 writers may focus prematurely--and with less than satisfactory results--on microlevel features such as grammatical, lexical, and mechanical accuracy, as opposed to discourse-level concerns such as audience, purpose, rhetorical structure, coherence, cohesion, and clarity (Cumming, 1989; Jones, 1985; New, 1999)... L2 writers may require targeted instruction aimed at the development of specific linguistic skills, rhetorical expertise, and composing strategies. (Dana R. Ferris and John S. Hedgcock, Teaching ESL Composition: Purpose, Process, and Practice, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005) Focusing on Audience and Purpose Audience and purpose are central concerns of experienced writers when they revise, and two research studies examined the effect of directing students attention to these aspects of composing. In a 1981 study, [J.N.] Hays asked basic and advanced writers to write an essay for high school students about the effects of using marijuana. Based on her analysis of composing protocols and interviews, Hays found that those students, whether basic or advanced writers, who had a strong sense of audience and of purpose wrote better papers than those who lacked a strong sense of purpose and focused on the teacher as the audience or had little awareness of the audience. [D.H.] Roen [R.J.] Wylie (1988) conducted a study that asked students to focus on audience by considering the knowledge that their readers probably possessed. Students who considered their audience during revision received higher holistic scores than those who did not. (Irene L. Clark, Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003) Pete Hamills One Word of Writing Advice In his memoir  A Drinking Life  (1994), veteran journalist  Pete Hamill  recounts his first few days clumsily disguised as a reporter at the old  New York Post. Unburdened by training or experience, he picked up the fundamentals of newspaper writing from the  Posts  assistant night city editor, Ed Kosner. All through the night in the sparsely manned city room, I wrote small stories based on press releases or items clipped from the early editions of the morning papers. I noticed that Kosner had Scotch-taped a single word to his own typewriter:  Focus . I appropriated the word as my motto. My nervousness ebbed as I worked, asking myself: What does this story say? What is new? How would I tell it to someone in a saloon?  Focus , I said to myself.  Focus . Of course, simply  telling  ourselves to  focus  wont magically produce a  lead  or a  thesis. But responding to Hamills three questions may help us to focus on finding the right words: It was  Samuel Johnson  who said that the prospect of hanging concentrates [the] mind wonderfully. The same might be said of  deadlines. But isnt writing hard enough already without having to depend on anxiety to motivate us? Instead, take a deep breath. Ask a few simple questions. And  focus. What does this story (or report or essay) say?What is new (or most important)?How would I tell it to someone in a saloon (or, if you prefer, a coffee shop or cafeteria)?

Are We Born Racist - 1267 Words

Attempting to avoid these differences is impossible, but if not addressed and allowed to fester children will unavoidably develop a negative response to those who are different from themselves. We as humans are hard wired to fear things that are unlike ourselves. We are scared of the unfamiliar and unknown. In return, we tend to gravitate to those that are similar to ourselves. In Kristin Russle’s article â€Å"Are we Born Racist?† she explains a study where pre-school children were given colored shirts to wear for 3 weeks, half blue and half red. During this time the teacher never mentioned the shirts or sorted the kids into groups accordingly, but at the end of the experiment, when asked which color was better, the children always chose their†¦show more content†¦Children need explanation and a loving hand to guide them in the right direction as they are taught to cope with their feelings in an appropriate fashion. Early action in teaching children how to co pe with these differences essential for success. â€Å"Children begin developing attitudes about various groups in society as early as ages three or four. Initially such attitudes are quite flexible. However, as children grow older such attitudes become more difficult to change† (Brynes). A study done by The Association of Behavior Analysis International demonstrates children’s capability to reverse these tendencies to negatively discriminate. The study selected and tested four children that originally matched negative symbols to the faces of black men, or in other words already had preconceived negative dispositions towards racial discrimination. These children learned to associate positive symbols with abstract symbols which were then associated with the pictures of black men. The idea was to see if the children would learn to associate the positive symbols with the pictures of the black men, therefore reversing their disposition to negative racial discrimination. T he results showed that only one of the four children reversed their pre-test dispositions while the other three children retained their pre-test dispositions (Carvalho 527-536). This study shows the importance of teaching children the correct behavioral functions early in life as these willShow MoreRelatedWe Must Stop Racism Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pages We live in a world that is culturally diverse, with rich culture and heritage. Everyone comes from a different background, with unique history and life experiences. Today we have broken-down a lot of racial barriers that existed in the past, and we have learn become more accepting of each other culture and way of life. Even though our society is growing up and becoming more tolerant of each other, they are still many barriers that needs to be broken. Racism still exists today, it is something thatRead MoreIs Australia a Racist Country?1091 Words   |  5 Pagesmulticultural country where at hand is strong evidence to suggest tha t Australia is racist, and in contrast there are many examples that support this questions that we humans beings can live in peace and harmony with all Australians. According to the ABCDiamond The proportion of the population of Australians born overseas is quoted â€Å"over one quarter of Australians were born overseas†. This means 25% of Australians are born overseas. Some possible causes of racism can be of an institutional racismRead MoreWhat Is Social Fact - Emile Durkheim1074 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual an external constraint; or: which is general over the whole of a given society whilst having an existence of its own, independent of its individual manifestations.† (Durkheim, 1895/1982:59). In other words the ideals passed down to us that we pass down to our children, established patterns of human relations, which create a set of expectations for each individual, these differ in every society. Durkheim describes his personal experiences of social facts while performing his responsibilitiesRead MoreEssay On Racism In America1326 Words   |  6 Pagesis only expressed more. Although, racism is being expressed more it is actually not because we had a black president. By Barack Obama becoming president, it had turned people into silent racist. As of 2017 since our new President Donald Trump. That is when the silent racist began to voi ce their opinions. Racism in America is completely still relevant in today’s society and in order for us as a country, we, the people have to change that. First of all, during the 1960’s there were many riots andRead MoreRacism- It Affects Everyone! Essay861 Words   |  4 Pageswhile offering solutions to help counteract them. Racism goes back a long ways, even before Jesus Christ was born. Jesus was actually a devout Jew, but the Bible portrays Jews as bad people who chose to save a barbarian instead of their savior, Jesus A21. Because of the spread of Christianity, many Jews have been discriminated against. Even Henry Ford, who was kind and not at all racist, unwittingly started an Anti-Semitic campaign when he said something about them in his newspaper in 1921 A23Read MoreThe Civil Rights Movement On The Class Of White Southerners960 Words   |  4 Pages ===============Jesse is a town sherrif. But we learn far more about him—and his psyche—than what his job title conveys. We also learn that he harbors a very racist perspective; one which he has been socialized to accept as normal. It is a perspective of paranoia about African Americans in the post-civil war era. It is a perspective born from a very racist history. And this history is something Balwin shows us through Jesse’s story in the narrative. For this fear is historically situated, andRead MoreAnalysis Of Elizabeth Eckford s Little Rock Nine 942 Words   |  4 Pagesoften, and they are also role models for children, especially when they are young. When a child is born it doesn’t talk or act, whatever the child sees or hears it imitates because it is trying to learn and do what the adult is doing. Nevertheless, when a child grows up to be an adult, they are able to make their own choice on what is morally permissible and morally impermissible. N o one is born a racist; they just copy what they see and hear. In 1957 Elizabeth Eckford became one of the Little RockRead MoreDangerous Social Forces1185 Words   |  5 Pages Social forces always come along with behaviors, whether they’re good or bad. They create who people are and can even help identify who we are. Those forces can even help with identifying others too. But they can become dangerous and they shape who a person will grow up to be. If theyre influenced to do amazing things or horrible things, help others in need or ignore them. Social forces are beyond our control. Nothing can change them. Social forces influence identities and become dangerous. GenderRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Being A Chink By Christine Leong1150 Words   |  5 PagesRacist terms can be used positively, but only depending on the preference of the person being addressed. The society that we live in today opposes the use of racist language, but it can be used positively with other peo ple. In her essay â€Å"The Meaning of a Word,† Gloria Naylor wants the audience to understand her past experience with the word â€Å"nigger.† According to Naylor, the racist term can impact anybody negatively. However, I believe such languages can bring out unity, diversity, and a feelingRead MoreRacism, It s A Learning Process Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesYou Aren t Born Racist, it s a Learning Process â€Å"Racism is still with us but it is up to us to prepare our children for what they have to meet and hopefully we shall overcome.† Said Rosa parks QTD from brainy quotes. The world is filled with racism and hate and it will continue to be this way if we let the children see the world this way. Children are the most impressionable and if we teach them to not be racist as they grow up racism will eventually end once and for all. In my eyes, racism

Why Do Some Leaders Abuse Their Power Essay Example For Students

Why Do Some Leaders Abuse Their Power Essay Introduction: There are many definitions of power. In social science it can be thought as the capacity to control or influence others by providing rewarding or administering punishment. When leaders in organizations abuse power, power will become evil or unjust. In the last decades ,the pervasiveness of ethical lapses of corporate villains has been astounding such as Unethical CEO behaviour, white-collar crime, property deviance, employee grievances and lawsuits. In this essay I will mainly focus on analysing the causes of the toxic leaders deviant behaviour, the consequences it will trigger and how should followers survive in the dilemma. It is often heard that there is a series of organizational formula or principle in the corporation,or some other institutions. For instance,managers manage subordinates and serve owners, shareholders elect their representatives to the board of directors. Winners and losers are decided by free market. All the processes are trying to show that the corporation has its reasonable principles and make us believe that the corporation is accountable and efficient. Ironically,the truth of the matter will make us disappointed with the surface of the scandals related to the prestigiouscorporations. Indeed, managers have run the show. Shareholder meetings have been well prepared ceremonies. People who have served as directors on boards have usually been friends of the boss. Proxy votes have become rituals as the result has already been foreordained. (Ralph Estes ,1995,P32)What roles are these leaders playing in the organization on earth? 1. Why do some leaders abuse their power? There are many factors interactively cause some leaders to abuse their power at risk of being guilty. There is a paradigm proposed by Stephen K. Henn in his bookBusiness Ethics which is called The fraud triangle that can briefly explain the reason why people behave badly. Opportunity Pressure Rationalization Opportunity simply means the environment element, Pressure is the trigger that causes bad behaviour, Rationalization is the core of the decision-making process when it is time for a go or no go. (Stephen K. Henn , 2009,P61) It is a good paradigm. However, I will analyse the causes in details from internal and external dimensions respectively. 1. 1 External factors 1. Environmental factors Things will not happen without external elements which are related to the environment and situation. There is an environment where there seems to be safe when you do something wrong or even illegal. It s exactly the one of the most important reasons why some leaders can abuse their power recklessly. Ethical lapses in corporate and society occur frequently. Numerous examples of ethical lapses in business and politics can be found these y ears. Martha Stewart, a US domestic style guru, was under suspicion in an inner trading scandal. Six former executives of Australian Wheat Board (AWB) were charged with a bribery of $300 million to Sandam Hussein’s Iraqi government and were likely to be fined $14. 4 million by the Australian Securities and Investments Commissions in civil proceeding as well. It seems that nobody has taken an effective action to prevent these wrongdoings. What are the factors that impede people to reveal the truth and reality? How could it be possible that the nation’s regulatory and supervision departments fail to figure out these severe problems for such a long time? What are the loopholes and inadequacies of regulatory bodies that indirectly â€Å"help† these ethical lapses? There is no simple answer to these questions,but there are several factors that creat situations in which individuals really do not know enough to take action. 1. 1. 1. 1 The diffusion of responsibility for seeing and acting. Social psychologist Bibb Latane and John Darley launched a series of experiments in which participants heard the sounds of people in distress under different conditions. The studies showed that as the number of by-standers increased,the likelihood that anyone would help decreased. i. e. eople were more likely to help when they were alone. When others are present ,people assume someone else will act. (Robert Gandossy ,Jeffrey Sonnenfeld,2004,P. 7) Moreover, projects are frequently divided to several tasks and distributed to different departments or organizations. Specific divisions only possess the information relevant to specific tasks. As a resu lt, the asymmetrical information shared by different divisions restricts people’s control and understanding of the whole picture, which makes it difficult for specialists to figure out a fraud or misconduct early or to find out enough evidence to verify the illegal activities. . 1. 1. 2 The social and organizational culture that is not supportive of whistleblowers. The courage of individuals who know about improper behaviors in organizations is challenged by the threat of harassment, rumors, slanders, relegation and even dismiss. People often find they are put in a dilemma, wandering between right and wrong. One senior executive who revealed a colleagues million-dollar fraud scheme reflects:The path I chose was brutal on my family and lost me tens thousands in income. It also meant that I’d never again work in a corporate environment. You can negotiate a golden handshake, but it doesn’t guarantee a reference. You will always see the raised eyebrow, the inflection that means well, if you want to know ( Robert Gandossy ,Jeffrey Sonnenfeld,2004,P12)Under such unfriendly environment which is full of intrigue and prejudice, with a lack of accountability and financial considerations, more and more people choose to ignore a crime. 1. 1. 1. 3 The problems of financial institutions In some cases,auditors often suspected earlier, but no investigation followed due to complexity of the accounting system and poor responsibility of auditors. Accounting system really has its weakness and those evils will exploit the loopholes to realize their personal greedy. Moreover, sometimes the financial institutions changed their position from supervising to colluding. Take an example with Enron again, you may not believe but unfortunately it is true that before Enrons collapse, senior executives at the American most prestigious financial institutions has conspired with Enrons top leaders to help them hide debt and exaggerate revenues through fictional oversea special-purpose entities. These financial institutions help create an easy way for those who want to have a good performance on book. Based on these factors,it is difficult for individuals to become a whistle blower which encourages these villains to go further. 1. 1. 2 High pressure from scorecard As we all know, corporate organization form separates ownership and control of the company, which distances shareholders from operation. Managers are charged with the responsibility for managing the business of the corporation by shareholders and should try their best to maximize the interest of shareholders. However, due to the unfair and ineffective performance judging system, managers in many organizations are clear that the only dimension on which they are being evaluated is their scorecards no matter how good the other subjective criteria are. Under the high pressure of unemployment, it can be argued that managers can pursue their own aims with impunity. The possibility arises that managers become entrenched and pursue improper goals that serve their own interest rather than the interest of shareholders as long as the numbers on their scorecards can be more â€Å"charming†. A convicted division vice president once claimed:I think we understood it was against the law, but the moral issue did not seem to be important at the time. As a(Robert Gandossy ,Jeffrey Sonnenfeld,2004,P12) result, it is more likely for managers to get caught in various misconducts and unethical lapses when the fringe benefits and promotion opportunities are directly related to these objective performance measures on the scorecards. 1. 1. 3 Organizational value system Organizational value system might be factor for the widespread of these unethical and illegal activities. Leaders of organizations have a great influence on employees’ understanding of success and attitude towards illicit behaviors. How leaders judge their subordinates’ performance will directly determine employees’ behaviors and value of worth. Leaders should clarify that profits or rate of return is not the only judgment of success. One of the largest shareholders and board members of a fortune 100 company once said:we did not do anything wrong, but it was not right either. It was wrong, but it was not purposefully wrong. (Robert Gandossy,Jeffrey Sonnenfeld. 004, P12)In this sense, benefits achieved through injustice and indecency should be strictly banned and avoided by leaders; otherwise, employees will only pursue interest by fair means or fouls, leading to various frauds, scandals, stock market manipulations, and so on. 1. 2 Internal factors 1. 2. 1 Moral sense Leaders with poor moral sense are often unethical and having poor or no social responsibility. I tota lly agree with Henry Ford’s century-old comment which is still meaningful and applicable to today’s poor moral climate:For a long time people believed that the only purpose of industry was to make a profit. Ideology and Historicism in Contemporary Literary EssayThe lack of integrity and credibility will not only cost them the trust from their partners, but also bring great damage to an organization’s reputation and benefits. To make matters worse, when they lose credibility from others because of their misconducts, they have no choice but continue to deceive for further interest, such as manipulating financial reporting by taking advantage of accounting loopholes. Self-centered leaders give priority to their own interest while ignoring the rights of shareholders, employees and customers. Their conscience has been eroded by money and power, their eyes have been blinded by greed and lust and their unethical pursuit of self-enrichment cost various companies and families incalculable loss. There were many examples to exemplify this phenomena which has been mentioned before such as Australian Wheat Board(AWB),Arthur Anderson,child labour abuse,and the disaster of 2003 crash of the space shuttle Columbia. With this kind of vicious circle,the organization will be destined to walking into the hell. 3. Followers response to leaders who abuse their power As followers , when we are controlled by leaders who abuse their power, we will find it really difficult for us to survive in the dilemma. People is not easily or even impossible to be changed, furthermore we are facing our leaders. When we have to challenge our leaders , we should identify the situation first and then decide what to do. 3. 1 Change yourself or tolerate continually If your boss is not so bad but hard to get along with due to the personality like introvert, a bit tyranny, or a little narcissism, you should adjust your mind to accustom yourself to his/her attitude since everybody has his/her own characters. But to make life easy,you should do some homework to know the boss deeper and do things in a way that he/she likes, hence you maybe get his/her trust. If it does not work, but you are comfortable with other things, you can choose to tolerate because you can not choose the leader. Albeit you can change a job, who can guarantee you a leader you like? Don t be impulsive, measure the gain and loss, then decide what to do next. 3. 2 Think about to leave It is more miserable if you serve a leader who is jealous. He/she will envy your ability, furthermore he/she will inhibit your individual development. Under the control of such kind of leader, you can not get more training and development in the organization which is not good for your future career. You should think about to find another job unless you just want this job and do not want to have further development. 3. 3 Communication is a two way process If your leader is poor at communication, there will be obstacles for you to continue your work. Maybe you can not change your leaders communication skill, however you can change your way of communication. People usually have the same reaction to what others say. Learn to think from the position of your leader, and change your way of reaction which is different from what he is imagining, it is possible for you to break the unpleasant situation and improve the communication between you two. 3. 4 Topple or leave The most serious grief is that your leader is a toxic leader who not only do things in improper or illegal way but entice you to join them as well. You will be trapped in real dilemma. These toxic leaders often promise followers the grand illusions to tempt the followers to do things which are immoral and even illegal. While we human being sometimes are vulnerable to resist the lure. As a result,the conspiracy between leaders and followers make the organization step forward to the destruction including all people involved. The real tragedy of the human condition is not that we all must die, but, rather, that we choose to live by grand illusions,rather than to face our fears. Hence, we fall into the clutches of toxic leaders who promise us the moon, knowing full well they cannot deliver. (Jean Lipman-Blumen,2005,P. 5) In reality, the moon is too far to achieve and it is not suitable for human to live on. We should identify the wrongdoing from right doing and keep ourselves cool that there is no free lunch in the world. We should say no to deviant command, otherwise we will finally culminate in tragedy. There are two basic options you can choose to escape the clutches of toxic leader, one is to capsize the leader, another is to leave. Before you decide to topple the leader you must know it is a very tough task. You need an elaborate plan and accurate documentation with supplementary and supportable data to persuade others. And you also should know the relationship between the toxic leader that you want to topple and the board members who you want to reveal the fraud to. When you find all your effort ends with nothing,you should consider the only left way that is to leave. Leaving is sometimes an rational strategy,particularly when you feel that the physical or psychological impact grows too great to bear and there is no opportunity for you to blow the whistle successfully and defeat the evil. At that time,leaving becomes the only way to preserve your integrity and protect your family, its probably the time to go. It is really a hard way for followers to go forward when their leaders indulge themselves in abusing their power. Conclusion: The organizational objective can not be achieved without power. However, organizations with leaders abusing their power are doomed to collapse . There are many challengers and temptations in the world. Whatever circumstances we are facing,we should always keep the moral code and basic values in our mindsets Once you cross the line,things are destined to be ended with tragedy. There is no fluke in the world,the truth will come up to surface sooner or later. The most safety way is that we must play all the games in principles and always remember not to cross the line. Albert Schweitzer said:You don t live in a world all your own. Your brothers are here, too. It tells us that everybody should burden the social responsibility to reward the world without which we can not live. Social organization should make an effort to stop the dysfunctional consequences of toxic leadership. It is valuable that some options are advocated by Jean Lipman-Blumenin such as term limit of leadership, Periodic 360 degree reviews of individual leaders, Respectable departure options, Open and democratic leadership selection processes, Constituencies educated to deal with their anxieties, protective mechanisms for whistle blowers. (Jean Lipman-Blumenin,2005) As followers we should have the courage to say no to those leaders who are unethical,irresponsible and abuse their powers. We should insist on principles and believe that integrity plus hard-working can conquer all dilemmas. Jon M. Huntsman ,the chairman and founder of Huntsman Corporation which is the worlds largest privately held chemical company wrote a book winners never cheat. This simple sentence tells us the unique way to achieve the perpetual success. Book References: 1. Richard L. Daft,Andrew Pirola-Merlo(2009). The leadership experience. Cengage Learning Australia 2. Robert Gandossy ,Jeffrey Sonnenfeld(Eds). (2004) Leadership and Governance from the inside out. John Wiley,Inc. 3. Jon M. Huntsamn(2009). Winners never cheat even in difficult times. Wharton School Publishing 4. Ana Maria ,David Crowther(2008). Ethics,Psyche and Responsibility. Ashgate. 5. Stephen K. Henn(2009). Business Ethics. John Wiley,Inc. 6. Robert Wearing(2005). Case in Corporate Governance. Sage publications. 7. Terry L. (2006) . Understanding Ethical Failures in Leadership. Cambridge university press 8. Vanket R Krishnan(2003). Power and moral leadership: role of self-other agreement. MCB UP Ltd. 9. Ralph Estes(1995) ,TYRANNY OF THE BOTTOM LINE why Corporations Make Good People Do bad Things,Berrett-Koehler Publishers. 10. Bob Johansen,2009,Leaders make the future . Berrett-Koehler Publishers Electronic References: . Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad Leadership: What It Is, How It Happens, Why it Matters. Retrieved March31 2010 from Harvard Business School www. hbsp. harvard. edu/ 2. Kimberly Alyn(2005). Top 10 signs of a bad supervisor. Retrieved April 2,2010,from www. Kimberly Alyn. com 3. Jean Lipman-Blumen(2005). The Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why Followers Rarely Escape Their Clutches. Retrieved April 2 2010, from www. iveybusinessjournal. com Website references: 1. http://www. enron. com 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Narcissism 3. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Power_(philosophy)

The Crimean War free essay sample

A study of the reasons why the European powers were unable to prevent the start of the Crimean War. The paper shows that the causes of the Crimean war all revolved around the decaying Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question. The Ottoman Empire had grown too large and outstretched; it was getting impossible to control such a vast empire from the center and the Empire consisted of many different ethnic and religious people. The paper discusses each of the great powers of the time Russian, Britain, France, Austria and Sardinia and shows how each one in turn was unable to prevent the war. As Turkeys direct neighbor, Russia had a mixture of territorial, strategic, economic and religious reasons for their part in starting the Crimean War. Ever since the time of Peter the Great, Russia had dreamed of getting control of the Black Sea and gaining access to a warm water port in the Mediterranean. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crimean War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If Russia could gain access to the Black Sea, Mediterranean and Ottoman territory then it would vastly improve its economic, trade and shipping economies. If this were to happen Russia would also dominate the Near East making it the most dominant Great Power. The Russian Orthodox Church also laid claim to the Holy Lands, which would be vitally important in political and strategic terms to get a foothold in this area.